What do we call the method of learning that occurs through consequences?

Operant conditioning refers to the method of learning where behavior is modified based on the consequences that follow. This concept, primarily developed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes how rewards and punishments influence the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. When a behavior is followed by a rewarding consequence, it is more likely to be repeated in the future. Conversely, if a behavior results in a negative consequence, it becomes less likely to occur.

In contrast, observational learning describes learning that occurs by watching others and imitating their actions, which would not specifically involve consequences for one's own actions. Classical conditioning involves learning through association between two stimuli rather than through effects on behavior. Incidental learning is the unintentional or unplanned learning that occurs without a specific intention to learn, which also does not center specifically around consequences.

The understanding of operant conditioning is crucial as it underlies many aspects of behavior modification, education, and training techniques. It highlights the power of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior over time.